Translation

Translation
A.Explanation I
Catford (1969:21) divides translation into three distinctive types, namely:
(1)Full translation vs Partial translation
(2)Total vs Restricted translation
(3)Rank of translation
A full translation submits the entire text to the translation process, that is, every part of the SL is replaced by TL text material, e.g.
Indonesia English
-Aku cinta Indonesia = I love Indonesia
-Dia akan pergi ke sana = He will go there
-Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa = They didn’t buy anything
In a partial translation, however, some parts of the SL text are left untranslated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text, either because they are regarded as ‘untranslatable’ or for the deliberate purpose of introducing ‘local colour’ into the TL text or even because they are so commonand frequently used that translation is not needed, e.g.
I like hamburger = Saya suka hamburger
Rock Hudson died of aids = Rock Hudson meninggal karena aids
Pesinden itu menyanyikan megatruh dengan = The pesinden sang megatruh sadly
sedihnya
Ibu masak rujak cingur untuk makan siang = Mother cooked rujak cingur for lunch
The distinction between total and restricted translation relates to the levels of language involved in translation. In total translation SL grammar and lexis are replaced by equivalent TL grammar and lexis. This replacement entails the replacement of SL phonology/graphologyby TL phonology/graphology, e.g.
The child has slept for three hours
Anak itu telah tidur selama tiga jam
Restricted translation at the grammatical and lexical levels means, respectively, replacement of SL grammar by equivalent TL grammar, but with no replacement of lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar, e.g. :
Replacement of grammar:
1. Anak itu / telah tidur/ selama/ tiga jam
= noun det./ aux verb/ prep. / det. Noun (Indonesian)
= det. Noun / aux. verb3 / prep. / det. Noun (English)
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang muda
= noun adj. det / verb / det. Noun adj. (Indonesia)
= det. Adj. noun/ verb2 / det. Noun adj. (English)
Replacement of lexis :
1. Anak itu / telah tidur / selama / tiga jam
= child that / already sleep/ for / three hour
2. Pemburu tua itu / membunuh / seekor beruang muda
= hunter old that / kill / a bear young
The third types of differentiation in translation according to Catford relates to the rank in grammatical hierarchy at which translation equivalent is established. This rank translation can be in the form of :
Word to word translation
Group to group translation
Sentence to sentence translation
Paragraph to paragraph translation
Discourse to discourse translation
B.Explanation II
In his article ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’, Roman Jacobson distinguishes three types of translation (Jacobson, 1959:234)..:
(1)Intralingual translation or rewording. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language, e.g. paraphrasing.
(2)Interlingual translation or translation proper. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages, e.g. the replacement of SL text into the TL equivalent.
(3)Intersemiotic translation or translation. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of sign systems, e.g. from verbal art into music, dance, cinema, or painting.
Translation proper (interlingual translation) which describes the process of transfer from SL to TL is in line with the stated specific objectives and should be discussed more deeply.


C.Explanation III
Savory (1969:20-24) categorizes translation proper into four types as follows:
(1)Perfect translation. All purely informative statements, such as are encountered by the traveller or used by the advertiser. For example, at some air terminal there hang noticeboards with the following messages:
IMPORTANT
Please ensure that your baggage is correct before leaving the air terminal
ATTENTION
Messieurs les passangers sout pries de verifier leurs baggages avant de quitter l’aerogarel
PERHATIAN
Silahkan memeriksa barang-barang anda sebelum meninggalkan pelabuhan udara
The three messages are not word for word identically phrased, but all contain advice of identical meaning. You may assure that an Englishman, a Frenchman or an Indonesian takes away exactly the same impressions, and that they all usually react in the same wayand possibly with the same sensations. The message is direct and unemotional and it is made in plain words to which not very intense associations re attached.
(2)Adequate translation (for mere entertainment)
Into this second category fall thye very large number of almost characterless translations made for the general reader who may use them without giving a thought to the fact that what he is reading was not originally written in his own language, for examples English pop novels translated into Indonesian. In the process of translatingfrom English into Indonesian the translator may omit the words, or even whole sentences, which he finds obscure. He can freely paraphrase the original meaning whenever it suits him to do so. There is no reason why this should not be so, as long as the readers want nothing but the story.
(3)Composite translation. This includes the translation of prose into prose, of poetry into poetry. The translator may spend a very long time on his work so that the commercial value of the translation is often neglected. He would only get the intellectual exercises and the keen intellectual pleasure that results from the effect.
e.g. Laki-laki tua dan laut translated by Sapardi Djoko Darmono from The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway.
(4) The translated of all learned, scientific and technical matter
Scientific and technical translating has certain characteristics among others.
a.These translations are made solely because of the intrinsic importance of the original work, an importance that is strictly confined to the practical business of living. For example, R.C. Purnett’s Mendelism was translated into Japanese only because the Japanese needed to know the principles of heredity.
b.The translator shall have a reasonable knowledge of the science or technique about which the original was written. This will help the translator maintain accuracy, clearness and precision of the concepts. To translate an English text on desease. You should have a medical background otherwise your translation will be misleading.
We should also include in this fourth category translation work done solely in the interests of trade. Consumer goods can be sold in other countries if they can be persuasively described is the language of the purchasers or at least in English. The work of the translators who perform this service is seldom publicized, seldom appreciated, and seldom criticized. Yet they claim that their work demands accuracy in the choice and precision in the use of words which many other translators might find to be more than they should endure….
(Cikarang, July 24, 2009)